This is to inform all that the article below is written by me Dr. Irfana Samdani if any one published it on their name online of line will have to claim it in court I have the intellectual rights on it . without my concerned and without my permission if any one ppublished it online /ofline have to be black listed.if anyone one to contract on this they can contract me on my email isamdani786@gmail.com Energy Comparison in India between Renewable and Non-Renewable Dr Irfana Samdani Ph.d form osmania university and PDF from ICSSR New Delhi. Abstract The availability of energy has altered the course of human history during the previous few centuries. New energy sources have been discovered, increasing both the quantity of energy we can produce and utilize. First came fossil fuels, then nuclear, hydropower, and now diverse renewable technologies. This page focuses on our energy usage, including how much electricity and overall energy we consume, how other countries compare when we examine this data per person, and how energy production and consumption have changed through time. Key Words: Energy Consumption, Energy Production, Renewable Energy Non Renewable Energy, Comparison. Introduction In the field of energy economics, the connection between energy use and economic expansion is regarded as a crucial topic. Energy is believed to be one of the primary driving forces of economic growth in all economies; therefore the relationship between energy use and economic growth has been the subject of increased research. Energy also plays a crucial part in the process of economic development. Economic expansion has been shown to have a favorable impact on energy use, according to Kraft and Kraft (1978). So, he asserted that a lack of resources had an impact on prices and economic growth. Energy, which is a fundamental component of human civilization and a crucial input for economic growth, is thus a crucial component of the infrastructure sector whose sustainability must be assured. It is absolutely important to carry out many economic activities, like as manufacturing, business location, family residences, heating, cooling, lighting, and transportation, among others. It is also having a significant impact on the standard of living in the modern world. In addition, it affects a wide range of economic and social problems, including poverty, social services, agricultural production, food security, climate change, and environmental quality. The most significant commercial good and component of economic activity is energy. Consumption and production are the two basic categories into which economic activity may be split. Particularly in developing and poor nations, energy is a scarce resource. Economists contend that energy is both an input into economic processes and an intermediate good whose demand is classified as derived demand. Energy is thus unavoidably required for the growth of the economy. The importance of energy in the processes of economic development, economic growth, consumption, demand, supply, and standard of living has been emphasized and discussed by contemporary economists. A relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is straightforward and foreseeable, according to economists. But the traditional energy source is being widely used, which is having a negative impact on the availability every day. Due to the high demand for renewable power and the necessity of it for modern consumption, it affects both pricing and output. However, it causes environmental contamination, leads to a significant rise in infrastructure and management costs, and exacerbates the already existing problem of conventional energy sources' scarcity. This results in the importation of many traditional energy sources. The amount of foreign direct investment leaving has risen as a result of its effects. In essence, it is an issue of incompatibility between insufficient energy resources and the excessively high demand for energy, which leads to an energy crisis. Although renewable sources can also be used to produce energy, their contribution is currently relatively tiny and will remain so, at least for the foreseeable future. The circumstances of energy production and the purposes to which it is put all have a significant impact on the link between energy and economic growth. Due to the production and supply issues with conventional energy sources, more and more countries are becoming interested in employing various forms of renewable energy. Therefore, compared to conventional energy sources, renewable energy offers greater advantages and is more widely used. In India, where there are 1.22 billion people, the 2011 census results show that 300 million people lack access to electricity, a problem that not only impacts rural areas but also urban ones. Individuals, companies, and the government are promoting renewable energy sources in order to reach this objective of energizing both rural and urban areas in order to promote sustainable development. Economists claim that there is a direct and predictable link between energy usage and economic growth. The intense usage of the traditional energy source, however, is having a detrimental daily influence on the supply. The rising demand for conventional energy and its requirement for modern use have an impact on both pricing and output. However, it causes environmental degradation, significantly increases the cost of infrastructure setup and management, and is also causing a shortage of conventional energy sources. Consequently, a significant amount of traditional energy sources are imported. The outflow of foreign direct investment has increased as a result of its effects. It causes an energy crisis and is essentially a problem of incompatibility between insufficient energy resources and an excessive increase in energy demand. Although both exhaustible and renewable resources can be used to produce energy, the share of the latter is quite tiny and will remain that way, at least for the foreseeable future. The circumstances of how energy is produced and the purposes for which it is used all have a significant impact on how energy and economic development are related. As a result, the production and supply of conventional energy sources are problematic, which is why more and more countries are interested in adopting various forms of renewable energy. In contrast to conventional energy sources, renewable energy is therefore more advantageous and is in demand. Sources Energy: Two general categories can be used to describe energy sources. 1. The first is conventional energy, also known as non-renewable energy, non-renewable resources, and commercial energy sources. 2. Energy sources that is not commercially available, renewable, or non-renewable. Study goals and a general summary of the paper This study makes an effort to look at the amounts and connections between India's production and use of non-renewable energy. This article is divided into the following four sections: the section 2 reviews of the literature, sections 3 explain the suggested strategy and data collection techniques, sections 4 present and analyze the results, and sections 5 discuss and conclude the study. Methodology In the energy domain, there are many different units thrown around – joules, exajoules, million tons of oil equivalents, barrel equivalents, British thermal units, terawatt-hours, to name a few. This can be confusing, and make comparisons difficult. So the present study uses British thermal units. The purpose of this study article is to better comprehend the relationship between population, non-renewable energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and the inclusion of renewable energy sources. Table 1 provides a summary of the used data. It should be noted that all of the data described above fall within the category of "Ratio Scale" data, which may be utilized to analyze growth phenomena across a range of years. Additionally, the data is a non-stationary time-series and is gathered annually in the three datasets, each of which has a growing growth. Table: 1: Sets of Data Used For Statistical Analysis Dataset Name Years Data Type Population Growth of India 2005 – 2019 Population Energy Consumption by Source 2005 – 2019 Oil, Coal, Gas, Hydropower, Nuclear, Solar, Wind & Other renewable combined (1 quadrillion (1015) British thermal units (BTUs)) Energy Production by Source 2005 – 2019 Oil, Coal, Gas, Hydropower, Nuclear, Solar, Wind & Other renewable combined (1 quadrillion (1015) British thermal units (BTUs)) Sources: data gathered between 2005 and 2019 from the U.S. Energy Information Administration, Report created on: 07-31-2022 16:04:57. Population Data Is Collected from Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy published by Reserved Bank of India from 2014-15 and 2020-21. The three datasets share the years 2005 to 2019, hence the research primarily examines India's population throughout this time frame. However, it will eventually be necessary to decide with regard to particular country whether major advancements in the production of energy from renewable and non-renewable sources are made based on their stated visions. The data was obtained from the same eia U.S. Energy information administration website, which is under the control of the American Department of Energy. Hypothesis H1: There is no statistically significant difference between the consumption of renewable and non-renewable energy. H0: There is statistically significant difference between the consumption of renewable and non-renewable energy H2: There is no statistically significant difference between the consumption of energy and per-capita population. H0:There is no statistically significant difference between the consumption of energy and per-capita population Study of the Literature In general, recent research has emphasized the relationship between population growth and energy demand. An econometric analysis by Salim and Shafiei1 looks at how the consumption of renewable and non-renewable energy is impacted by the spread of urbanization (i.e., the population and economic activity density in urban zones). The STIRPAT (Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology) model was used to study the countries that make up the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) between 1980 and 2011. The technique made use of the panel causality test, the economic plan, and the empirical model. The types of data included elements including total population, urbanization, population density, GDP per capita, and the consumption of renewable and non-renewable energy. As a result, it was found that urbanization significantly and positively effects non-renewable energy consumption in OECD countries, but not renewable energy consumption. In other words, fossil fuels continue to be the main source of energy in industrialized countries notwithstanding the recent increase in the usage of renewable resources. The STIRPAT model was initially developed by York et al.2 to show how population has a large impact on energy use. The impact of population growth, energy use, and GDP growth on CO2 emissions in Malaysia was examined by Begum et al.3 using econometric methods. India is another nation with increased energy consumption4 as a result of population expansion. Fossil fuels are used in India to fulfill this need. A comprehensive overview of how renewable energy effectively aids India in providing a sustainable electrical supply has been provided by Tripathi et al.4 A comparative comparison of CO2 emissions and renewable and non-renewable energy has been proposed by Shafiei and Salim5. In order to demonstrate the bidirectional causality between energy consumption (both renewable and non-renewable) and economic growth, Apergis and Payne6 utilized the Panel Error Correction (PEC) model. Between 1980 and 2010, M. Ben Jebli7 et al. demonstrated the causal links between GDP, energy use, and CO2 emissions. To prove bidirectional causation, Short-run Granger causality tests were specifically applied. Additionally, they utilized long-run projections from Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares to support the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory (DOLS). Few studies have particularly addressed parametric, non-parametric, and normality/Equal Uniformity tests, even though the linked work given here investigates the impact of population on energy use. The study's goal is to present comprehensive findings that show how recent increases in population have impacted global energy consumption and GHG emissions. Modern statistical techniques and programs are used to achieve this. India's Overall Production of Renewable Energy Energy production and availability as a result have a direct impact on investment, imports, exports, and upcoming output, all of which have a significant impact on a country's economy. With the aid of thorough and high-quality energy data, policymakers may assess potential trade-offs and come up with informed judgments. This can help them get ready for global price shocks in energy commodities. Over the years, India has been successful in fostering the optimistic mindset needed to promote national investments in, demand for, and supply of renewable energy, including solar, wind, bio, hydro, and waste to energy. Rural areas in need of energy for lighting, cooking, and productive purposes have access to decentralized and distributed renewable energy technologies that are realistic grid power substitutes. According to Table: 1, the nation's hydroelectricity output in 2019 was 1.4267 quad Btu, up from 1.0682 quad Btu in 2005, the production pattern has shown a CAGR of 4.38 percent. From 0.0815 quad Btu in 2005 to 1.3633 quad Btu in 2019, non-hydroelectric production increased by 18.23 percent throughout 2005 to 2019. Similar to that, solar energy production rose by 0.04 percent in 2019 to 0.4502 quad Btu from 0.0002 quad Btu in 2005. From 2005 to 2019, the CAGRs for waste, wind, and biomass were 7.41 percent, 3.07%, and 7.41%, respectively. Non-hydroelectric energy sources exhibit the greatest CAGR among all energy sources, demonstrating the impressive expansion of renewable energy in India. Table: 1 India's Production of Renewable Energy since 2005 to 2019 Year Hydro Electricity Non-Hydroelectric Solar Wind Biomass And Waste Total Renewable Energy Production(quad Btu) 2005 1.0682 0.0815 0.0002 0.0621 0.0192 1.23 2006 1.1820 0.1164 0.0002 0.0968 0.0193 1.41 2007 1.2512 0.1367 0.0006 0.1166 0.0195 1.52 2008 1.1395 0.2317 0.0006 0.1369 0.0942 1.60 2009 1.0932 0.3008 0.0007 0.1835 0.1166 1.69 2010 1.1065 0.3385 0.0012 0.1918 0.1455 1.78 2011 1.2567 0.4265 0.0145 0.2383 0.1737 2.11 2012 1.0725 0.5063 0.0216 0.2866 0.1981 2.09 2013 1.2750 0.5785 0.0392 0.3165 0.2228 2.43 2014 1.2182 0.6645 0.0553 0.3464 0.2629 2.55 2015 1.1208 0.6705 0.0971 0.3269 0.2465 2.46 2016 1.1198 0.8612 0.1734 0.4457 0.2421 2.84 2017 1.1517 1.0547 0.2399 0.5067 0.3082 3.26 2018 1.2167 1.2515 0.3617 0.5982 0.2916 3.72 2019 1.4267 1.3633 0.4502 0.6228 0.2903 4.15 Sources data collected from eia U.S Energy information administration during the period 2005-2019, Report generated on: 07-31-2022 16:04:57 India's Overall Production of Non-Renewable Energy Production is the collection, extraction, or creation of energy sources or fuels that are appropriate for broad use in energy statistics. Two separate categories of production exist: primary and secondary. Primary production is the gathering or extraction of energy or fuels in a form that is suitable for use from biosphere, natural fossil fuel resources, and energy flows inside the national territory. Both the inert matter that was taken out of the extracted fuels as well as the quantities that were re-injected, flared, or vented are not included. Secondary production is the process of transforming additional fuels or energies—primary or secondary—into energy-producing substances. The quantities of secondary fuel output that were mentioned include any that were lost through venting and flaring both during and after production. As per Table: 2, the amount of coal produced in the country increased by 68.60 percent between 2005 and 2019, from 7.02640 quads Btu to 11.66632 quads Btu. The production of natural gas fell by -0.01% over the same period. From 1.58295 quads Btu in 2005 to 1.61873 quad Btu in 2019, a CAGR of around -0.46 %, petroleum and other liquids were produced. Nuclear had a comparative CAGR of 7.10 percent. Out of all the conventional energy sources, coal has the highest CAGR. Table: 4.2 India's Production of Non-Renewable Energy since 2005 to 2019 Year Coal Natural Gas Petroleum And Other Liquids Nuclear Total Non-Renewable Energy Production (quad Btu) 2005 7.02640 1.09182 1.58295 1.15493 10.86 2006 7.42443 1.12468 1.63848 1.31012 11.50 2007 7.88732 1.15473 1.63657 1.40024 12.08 2008 8.10292 1.19059 1.63979 1.38223 12.32 2009 8.18561 1.50450 1.60914 1.39873 12.70 2010 8.61854 1.93526 1.76514 1.44953 13.77 2011 8.78702 1.76074 1.82747 1.69509 14.07 2012 8.95785 1.54185 1.82368 1.58982 13.91 2013 9.06577 1.29856 1.80720 1.86641 14.04 2014 9.25778 1.21248 1.79342 1.89525 14.16 2015 9.89806 1.15520 1.77230 1.81176 14.64 2016 10.62417 1.14326 1.73525 2.01119 15.51 2017 10.98002 1.16611 1.74365 2.22725 16.12 2018 11.70536 1.17799 1.70697 2.51007 17.10 2019 11.66632 1.15808 1.61873 2.85010 17.29 Sources data collected from eia U.S Energy information administration during the period 2005-2019, Report generated on: 07-31-2022 16:04:57 *quad Btu = quadrillion British thermal units When we examine total energy use, disparities between renewable and non-renewable sources frequently mirror variations in population size: India with a large population naturally consumes more energy. The average person India consumes as much as 100 times more than the average person in some of the developing countries.2 Table: 3 Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy in India since 2005 to 2019 Year Renewable Energy Non-Renewable Energy Total Energy Renewable Energy Non-Renewable Energy Total Energy Population Production (quad Btu) Consumption (quad Btu) Million 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2005 1.23 10.86 12.47 1.23 14.39 15.62 1106 2006 1.41 11.50 13.29 1.43 15.48 16.91 1122 2007 1.52 12.08 13.98 1.54 16.76 18.3 1138 2008 1.60 12.32 14.24 1.45 17.82 19.27 1154 2009 1.69 12.70 14.75 1.47 19.51 20.98 1170 2010 1.78 13.77 16.05 1.50 20.96 22.46 1186 2011 2.11 14.07 16.89 1.75 21.72 23.47 1202 2012 2.09 13.91 16.73 1.67 22.96 24.63 1217 2013 2.43 14.04 17.20 1.94 23.29 25.23 1233 2014 2.55 14.16 17.52 1.98 25.06 27.04 1267 2015 2.46 14.64 17.94 1.87 25.73 27.6 1283 2016 2.84 15.51 19.20 2.09 26.43 28.52 1299 2017 3.26 16.12 20.22 2.31 27.57 29.88 1314 2018 3.72 17.10 21.68 2.60 29.03 31.63 1327 2019 4.15 17.29 22.43 2.87 29.41 32.28 1341 Sources data collected from eia U.S Energy information administration during the period 2005-2019, Report generated on: 07-31-2022 16:04:57.colum 5 and 6 is calculated manually. Population Data Is Collected from Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy published by Reserved Bank of India from 2014-15 and 2020-21. Correlation To determine whether regression may be used, the basic correlations must initially be calculated. Spearman correlation is used because the population's distribution is not normal. The null hypothesis There is no statistically significant difference between the consumption of energy and per-capita population was rejected after total energy consumption and population were calculated to show that they are strongly associated (r = 0.979 and P-Value < 0.001). The correlation between population and energy use is then determined (r = 0.999 and P-Value 0.001). Additionally, a substantial link between Total Energy Production and Population is discovered (r = 0.988 and P-Value < 0.001). In order to determine whether India is aware of renewable energy and has begun to tilt toward using renewable clean energy, an additional correlation between the consumption of renewable energy and non-renewable energy is conducted. Since non-renewable energy consumption has increased, the correlation is shown to be 0.991 with a P-Value of less than 0.001, indicating that there is little incentive to increase renewable energy consumption. Renewable energy, the ratio has been sharply rising in recent years while non-renewable energy consumption has not decreased, showing that the installed renewable energy is not supplanting current non-renewable energy use. The null hypothesis There is statistically significant difference between the consumption of renewable and non-renewable energy was rejected after total energy consumption and population were calculated to show that they are strongly associated (r = 0.979 and P-Value < 0.001). Table: 4 linear regression models for the different variables Variables Pearson Correlation Standard Error P-Value R Square Number of Observation 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total Energy Consumption vs. Population 0.995 3.753 0.000 0.979 15 Total Energy Production Vs. Population 0.976 1.943 0.000 0.988 15 Total Energy Production Vs. Total Energy Consumption 0.983 0.927 0.009 0.997 15 Renewable Energy Vs Non-Renewable Energy Consumption 0.916 0.188 0.000 0.991 15 Renewable Energy Vs Non-Renewable Energy Production 0.969 0.558 0.000 0.952 15 Table 4, column 5, provides an overview of the linear regression models. The general trend is linear across all models, with R2 values ranging from 0.952 to 0.997, with Europe's model being the least accurate. In this situation, it is possible to assert that linear regression is a useful method for modeling global energy consumption in the context of growing population. Table 4 displays the population and energy consumption linear regression models. R2 = 0.979 indicates that the behavior is largely linear. Linear relationship between total energy production and population, with an R2 of 0.988. The model for renewable energy and non-renewable energy consumption, however, exhibit the linearity of R2 = 0.991 between renewable energy and non-renewable energy consumption, indicating a increase in their renewable energy consumption. On the other hand, the production of renewable and nonrenewable energy exhibits linear trend, with R2 = 0.952, indicating a decrease in their renewable energy production Conclusion Understanding the connections between population, energy use, and the reflection of renewable resource use helps this study achieve its overall purpose. A clear linear causation relationship between India's population and energy use is implied. A more complete examination of energy output and population shows that India consumes non renewable energy at rates that are higher than those of renewable energy. This is a result of both the substantial economic activity and the vast population of our country. Renewable Energy and Non-Renewable Energy Production, but due to its small population and use of renewable energy in comparison to non-renewable energy. The author was unable to handle the analysis for each variable separately, therefore the database and its data availability is one of the main restrictions encountered. Additionally, the used dataset covered the years (2005–2019), with the population dataset 8 serving as the upper bound and the energy consumption dataset 9 serving as the lower bound. Future research should look into the energy use of each nation separately and the effects of using renewable energy on each nation's population. References 1. R. A. Salim and S. Shafiei, “Urbanization and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption in OECD countries: An empirical analysis,” Econ. Model., vol. 38, pp. 581–591, Feb. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.econmod.2014.02.008. 2. R. York, E. A. Rosa, and T. Dietz, “Footprints on the earth: The environmental consequences of modernity,” Am. Sociol. Rev., vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 279–300, 2003, doi: 10.2307/1519769. 3. R. A. Begum, K. Sohag, S. M. S. Abdullah, and M. Jaafar, “CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic and population growth in Malaysia,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 41, pp. 594– 601, Jan. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.205. 4. L. Tripathi, A. K. Mishra, A. K. Dubey, C. B. Tripathi, and P. Baredar, “Renewable energy: An overview on its contribution in current energy scenario of India,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 60, pp. 226–233, Jul. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.047. 5. S. Shafiei and R. A. Salim, “Non-renewable and renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions in OECD countries: A comparative analysis,” Energy Policy, vol. 66, pp. 547–556, Mar. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.064. 6. N. Apergis and J. E. Payne, “Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from a panel error correction model,” Energy Econ., vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 733–738, May 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2011.04.007. 7. M. Ben Jebli, S. Ben Youssef, and I. Ozturk, “Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: The role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and trade in OECD countries,” Ecol. Indic., vol. 60, pp. 824–831, Jan. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.031. 8. Population Data Is Collected from Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy published by Reserved Bank of India from 2014-15 and 2020-21. 9. eia U.S Energy information administration during the period 2005-2019, Report generated on: 07-31-2022 16:04:57.colum 5 and 6 is calculated manually.